List of Articles Small animal

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  1 - دندانهای کشیده شده: دور ریختنی یا اتو گرافت فوری استخوانی؟
  Azin Tavakoli
  Extracted teeth are always considered as waste or debris. Tooth extraction is the most performed procedure in dentistry following cleaning and prophylaxis in small animals. The first indication of tooth extraction is advanced periodontal disease which the teeth attachme More

  Extracted teeth are always considered as waste or debris. Tooth extraction is the most performed procedure in dentistry following cleaning and prophylaxis in small animals. The first indication of tooth extraction is advanced periodontal disease which the teeth attachments loss occurs and the teeth could not be saved. Other indications include jaw and teeth fracture. In sever and refractory stomatitis, one of the recommended treatment is extraction of either rostral or even all teeth. Therefore, lots of extracted teeth as tissue similar to bone is available. In this article the role of extracted teeth in bone defects as readily available bone graft and regarded existed studies in literature will be reviewed. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Laboratory findings of acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats
  Niloufar  Abedi Mahdieh  Zaeemi
  Pancreatitis is the most common exocrine pancreatic disease in both dogs and cats. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation with acute onset and characterized by necrosis and edema. Premature activation of trypsin in the acinar cells starts a cascade of reactions that re More

  Pancreatitis is the most common exocrine pancreatic disease in both dogs and cats. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation with acute onset and characterized by necrosis and edema. Premature activation of trypsin in the acinar cells starts a cascade of reactions that result in autodigestion. Dogs are often presented with gastrointestinal signs, whereas lethargy and anorexia are the most commonly observed symptoms in cats. Acute pancreatitis may cause cardiovascular shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation or disability of multi organs and/or death. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis in dogs and cats is difficult. Several diagnostic methods have been proposed for the diagnosis of pancreatitis over the past few years, most of which are not applicable due to poor performance, inaccessibility or aggressiveness. Besides, many radiographic methods are used yet none of them are efficient except ultrasonography. Although several laboratory tests including measurement of hematology and biochemistry factors are available, none of them are specific for pancreatitis and they are merely beneficial in rejecting other diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the more specific diagnostic tests for acute pancreatitis in small animals. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Laboratory diagnosis of iron metabolism disorders in Dogs and Cat
  Masoume  Masoumi Verki Mahdieh  Zaeemi
  Iron is essential to virtually all living organisms and is integral to multiple metabolic functions. Disorders of iron in the body include iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammatory disease, and iron overload. This article summarizes iron metabolism and disorders as More

  Iron is essential to virtually all living organisms and is integral to multiple metabolic functions. Disorders of iron in the body include iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammatory disease, and iron overload. This article summarizes iron metabolism and disorders associated with iron metabolism in small animals and the diagnostic tests currently in use for assessing iron status are discussed. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Arthroscopy in small animals
  Samaneh Ghasemi
  20.1001.1.24235695.1400.8.1.4.8
  Application of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint inju More

  Application of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint injuries. Arthroscopy has advantages over arthrotomy. Arthroscopic surgery is used for management of different injuries in shoulder (glenohumeral), coxofemoral (hip), elbow, carpal and tarsal joints in small animals. Arthroscopy provides the best access to intra-articular structures. Also, post-operative cares, recovery, pain and infection are less than arthrotomy. The goal of this article is to review the uses of arthroscopy in small animals. Manuscript profile
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  5 - External Skeletal Fixators in Small Animal
  hamid reza moslemi navid Ehsani pour Faeze  Emarloo
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.4.2
  An external skeletal fixator is an orthopedic method for treating open or closed fractures of long tubular bones, joint stiffness, bone lengthening, and congenital malformations. An external skeletal fixator is a device that is installed outside the organ and inserts p More

  An external skeletal fixator is an orthopedic method for treating open or closed fractures of long tubular bones, joint stiffness, bone lengthening, and congenital malformations. An external skeletal fixator is a device that is installed outside the organ and inserts pins into the fracture to fix it and adjust the position of the pin. They are connected to the frame and secured with bolts and nuts. Fixtures have changed significantly in appearance and biomechanics over time, but the principle and function remain the same. These fixtures consist of pins or thin stainless steel wires that penetrate the skin and reach the bone. This way the broken part is fixed in the right direction. Depending on the body geometry and shape, these external skeletal fixators are available in different types such as linear, circular, and hybrid fixators. The simplest and most common type of external skeletal fixator is the linear fixator. The use of an external fixator has several advantages over other fixation methods such as stabilization of the fracture at some distance from the injury site, no need for a cast, ease of patient movement, and minimal involvement of the joint. Premature loosening of the pin is the most common complication causing pain, inflammation, and discharge from the pin tract. Although these fixators are versatile and effective treatment models, they require careful maintenance during treatment. Before deciding to use an external fixator, the patient's and pet's owner's ability to comply with postoperative care instructions should be considered. This article reviews the types of external fixators, postoperative care, and their complications. Manuscript profile
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  6 - A review on external coaptation methods in small animal
  pouriya almasi Aboutorab  Tabatabaei Naeini
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.5.3
  External fixation by means of coaptation means using casts, splints, bandages, and slings to immobilize the injured limb. These methods if used properly approximate the shape of the limb on which they are applied and provide stable fixation of bone fragments without the More

  External fixation by means of coaptation means using casts, splints, bandages, and slings to immobilize the injured limb. These methods if used properly approximate the shape of the limb on which they are applied and provide stable fixation of bone fragments without the need for surgical implants at the fracture site. External fixation of orthopedic injuries in veterinary medicine has significant advantages over open fixation and internal fixation. In most cases, the soft tissue and vascular damages, the risk of infection, and the cost of its use can be much lower than surgical intervention. Careful case selection is required to achieve successful treatment of fractures with external coaptation. Temporary fixation methods are usually used to prevent edema, relieve pain, reduce subsequent soft tissue damage, protect the wound from further contamination, prevent the conversion of closed fractures to open fractures, and stabilize the fractured particles in acutely injured animals. Various types of External coaptations are available in veterinary practice to provide the best external fixation of injuries. Therefore, it is essential for the practitioners in this field to have sufficient familiarity with different methods and their uses. As a general rule, external coaptation is an acceptable mode of fracture repair for animals that are younger than 1 year of age, because they heal faster. External coaptation best neutralizes flexion forces on distal fractures and requires stabilization of the joint above and below the fractured site. Therefore, coaptation has the disadvantage of prolonged immobilization of the limb, which can cause severe atrophy from "disuse atrophy" and possible "fracture disease". Manuscript profile
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  7 - Orthopedic examination of the hind limb in small animal
  hamid reza moslemi Mahshid Farmand
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.6.4
  Lameness is a common complaint in small animal medicine. Orthopedic examination is performed by visual and manual assessment of the patient. In most cases, the affected extremity is identified, but the exact origin of that extremity remains obscure and sometimes difficu More

  Lameness is a common complaint in small animal medicine. Orthopedic examination is performed by visual and manual assessment of the patient. In most cases, the affected extremity is identified, but the exact origin of that extremity remains obscure and sometimes difficult. Orthopedic examination plays an important role in determining the location of lameness, diagnosing its cause, and finding appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis of musculoskeletal problems is very important to apply appropriate treatment and preventive measures in the early stages of disease progression. Patients presenting with symptoms of musculoskeletal abnormalities should undergo a complete orthopedic examination. A systematic approach to orthopedic examination is important to assess all structures and ensure that no part is missed. The purpose of orthopedic examination is to assess the presence or absence of the disease in the patient and determine the causes of its occurrence. The orthopedic examination includes history taking, walking observation, step analysis and evaluation, and clinical examination of the patient. A history of lameness, previous diagnoses and treatments and their effects, the presence of other systemic diseases, and diet should be documented before the initiation of clinical examination. The time of onset of lameness, possible causes, and the timing of progression also help in a better diagnosis. It is very important to observe the patient walking from different directions at different speeds. Observing the patient going up and down stairs and ramps may also help. Understanding movement and gait is important for diagnosing many musculoskeletal and neurological problems. Gait analysis should be performed before any orthopedic or neurological examination. Gait analysis can help further clarify which limb is affected. Finally, an orthopedic clinical examination of the animal is performed. This article describes methods for clinical examination of the hind limb. Manuscript profile
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  8 - Orthopedics examination of the fore limb in small animal
  hamid reza moslemi navid Ehsani pour Faeze  Emarloo
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.8.6
  ameness is a common problem in small animal medicine. Since animals, especially dogs, bear most of their weight on their front legs, it seems necessary to examine the fore limb. Diagnosis and treatment of fore limb lameness are often difficult. Diagnosis of the lesion i More

  ameness is a common problem in small animal medicine. Since animals, especially dogs, bear most of their weight on their front legs, it seems necessary to examine the fore limb. Diagnosis and treatment of fore limb lameness are often difficult. Diagnosis of the lesion is difficult because patients usually do not show obvious pain on palpation. Investigation of the cause of lameness and the anatomical location of the lesion depends on the age, breed, and lifestyle of the animal. Therefore, a systematic orthopedic examination of the extremity is critical to ensure that all structures are assessed and no part is overlooked. An orthopedic examination includes not only a clinical examination of the patient but also an anamnesis, gait observation, stride analysis, and evaluation. First, a history of lameness, diagnosis, previous treatment, and its effectiveness, presence of other systemic conditions, and diet should be evaluated. Assessing a patient's gait on flat and sloping surfaces at different speeds can help understand which limb is lame. Studying and analyzing animal movements is considered a very important step in detecting organ damage and abnormalities. Abnormal gait that may be caused by nerve or musculoskeletal damage is therefore called lameness. It is caused by hereditary, congenital, developmental disorders, trauma, and infection of this organ. Finally, an orthopedic clinical examination of the animal is performed. The appearance of pain during the examination indicates the localization of the lesion since an orthopedic examination of the organ does not cause pain in healthy animals. First, the normal, seemingly healthy side is checked so that the animal is calm and so that individual responses to specific tests can be judged. Therefore, this article describes a method for systematic orthopedic examination of the fore limb. Manuscript profile